![]() calculated the potential economic cost of a moderate outbreak, affecting the whole herd, at roughly 300 J per cow. at J 159 and J 167 per cow, whereas Woolley et al. ![]() Total costs for lungworm outbreaks in dairy herds were estimated by Holzhauer et al. Outbreaks in dairy cattle herds can cause considerable economic losses due to reduced milk production, body weight and fertility or even death of infected animals on the one hand and expenses for laboratory diagnosis and treatments on the other hand. Both dairy and beef cattle can be affected. However, in the 1990s an increase in the incidence of disease was recorded and coincidently there was a substantial increase in the proportion of second year grazing calves or adult cows. In the last century, dictyocaulosis was commonly considered as a disease of pastured, first-year grazing calves. This parasitosis is nowadays recognized as a problem in both, calves and adult cattle in temperate regions throughout the world. disease dictyocaulosis in cattle, also known as parasitic bronchitis or ‘‘husk’’, is caused by the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus.
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